Internal root resorption (IRR) is a specific type of pulp disease categorized by the loss of dentin as a consequence of the action of clastic cells stimulated by pulpal inflammation. It is one of the rare complications following a vital pulp therapy (VPT) procedure. Reported here is a case of IRR as a complication of VPT platelet-rich fibrin pulpotomy procedure in a mature permanent tooth. Diagnosed using cone-beam computed tomography and management of the resorptive defect using biodentin with a follow-up of 1 year.
Results: CATECHINS, PROCYANIDINS, HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACIDS, FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES, DIHYDROCHALCONE GLYCOSIDES AND ONE ANTHOCYANIN: cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, were identified both in the peel and pulp. Procyanidins, catechins and flavonols represent the main constituents of peel. Concerning the antioxidant activity, in the reduction of the stable DPPH radical and in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation, the ethanolic extracts of red peel and red pulp showed a good similar activity comparable to ascorbic acid in the DPPH test and about ten times more active than BHT in the lipoxygenase test, and were much more active than aqueous extracts. The ORAC value of red pulp aqueous extract resulted comparable to that of red berries: vaccinium, rubus and ribes, foods appreciated for their health value.
Pulp his and hers rare
Conclusion: This apple contains an appreciable amount of polyphenols also in the flesh; this variety with red flesh can also be useful for researchers engaged in apples varietal innovation in addition to being used as food apple.
The effects of soil rare earth element (REE) on navel orange quality and safety in rare earth ore areas have gained great attention. This study investigated the transfer characteristics of REE from soil to navel orange pulp (Citrus sinensis Osbeck cv. Newhall) and examined the effects of soil REE on internal fruit quality in Xinfeng County, Jiangxi province, China. Path analysis showed that soil REE, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and Fe oxide (Feox) significantly affected pulp REE concentrations. A Freundlich-type prediction model for pulp REE was established: log[REEpulp] = -1.036 + 0.272 log[REEsoil] - 0.056 pH - 0.360 log[CEC] + 0.370 log[Feox] (n = 114, R2 = 0.60). From the prediction model, it was inferred that even when soil REE and Feox were as high as 1038 mg kg-1 and 96.4 g kg-1, respectively, and pH and CEC were as low as 3.75 and 5.08 cmol kg-1, respectively, pulp REE concentrations were much lower than the food limit standard. Additionally, soil REE levels were significantly correlated with selected fruit quality indicators, including titratable acidity (r = 0.52, P
Fruit samples were brought to the laboratory immediately after harvesting. The fruit was washed with tap water, scrubbed gently in deionized water using a nylon brush to remove any superficial contamination, and peeled. The pulp of each navel orange was divided into two parts. For the determination of internal fruit quality, one part was homogenized using a Retsch grinder (GM 200, RETSCH, Germany); for the determination of REE content, the second part was dried first at 105C for 30 min, then at 75C in an oven until it was completely dry. It was then ground finely enough to pass through a 0.25 mm sieve. At the same time, the water content of the pulp was recorded. The pulp sample used for the determination of REE was digested with a mixture of HNO3 and HClO4 [10].
The internal fruit quality was determined immediately after the pulp was homogenized. Three representative internal fruit quality parameters for navel oranges were selected: titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS) and vitamin C (Vc) [29]; the TA and TSS are indicators of the flavor, and the Vc is a reflection of the nutritive value. The TA was determined using 0.01 mol L-1 NaOH with phenolphthalein as an indicator and expressed as the percentage of malic acid. The TSS was determined by a hand refractometer and expressed as a percentage, and the Vc was determined using 2,6-Dichlorophenolindophenol via the visual titrimetric method and expressed as mg ascorbic acid per 100 g fresh weight [30].
The transfer factor (TF) is used to evaluate the transfer potential of REE from the soil to the plant, which is defined as the ratio of REE content in the plant to the REE content in the soil:(1)(2)(3)where REEsoil, LREEsoil and HREEsoil are the concentrations of REE, LREE and HREE in the soil and REEpulp, LREEpulp and HREEpulp are the concentration of REE, LREE and HREE in the pulp.
Path analysis (PA) was applied to reveal the influences of soil REE and soil properties on the uptake of REE by navel orange pulp, and it was performed separately for REEpulp, LREEpulp and HREEpulp. Single-headed arrows represent direct effects of soil REE and soil properties on REE content navel orange pulp, and double-headed arrows indicate the coefficients of correlations between soil REE and soil properties (Fig. 2). The direct and indirect effects in the PA were obtained by multiple regression and simple correlation analyses. The correlation between REE content in navel orange pulp and soil REE or a given soil property is the sum of the direct and indirect coefficients:(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)where rij is the simple correlation coefficient between REE content in navel orange pulp and soil REE or a given soil property, Pij is the direct effect, and rijPij is the indirect effect.
Single-headed arrows represent the direct effects (Pij), and double-headed arrows indicate the coefficients of the correlations between soil REE and the soil properties (rij). Subscript designations for soil REE, the soil properties, and the REE content in the navel orange pulp are identified numerically as follows: (1) REE content in soil; (2) soil pH; (3) organic carbon (OC); (4) cation exchange capacity (CEC); (5) clay; (6) Fe oxide (Feox); (7) REE content in the pulp.
An uncorrelated residue (U) that represents the unexplained part of an observed variable in the path model was calculated using the following equation:(10)where R2 is the coefficient of determination of the multiple regressions between REE content in navel orange pulp and soil REE or soil properties.
A stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) analysis was used to derive the prediction models with pulp REE content as the dependent variable and soil REE content and soil properties as the independent variables. Using an SMLR methodology, only those factors that actually affect pulp REE content can enter the regression equation. The prediction models were established separately for the REEpulp, LREEpulp and HREEpulp.
The range and mean of the total content for each REE in soil and in navel orange pulp are listed in Table 2. The concentrations of total REE varied considerably, from 38.6 to 546 mg kg-1, with an average of 138 mg kg-1. The highest concentrations were observed for Ce, which varied from 13.9 mg kg-1 to 220 mg kg-1 and accounted for 41% of the total REE. With increasing atomic numbers, concentrations of the REE in the soil decreased in the following order: Ce > La > Nd > Y > Pr > Sm > Gd > Dy > Er > Yb > Eu > Tb > Ho > Tm > Lu. The distribution of the REE obeyed the Oddo-Harkins rule: the even-numbered REE were more abundant than their adjacent odd-numbered REE. The LREE accounted for 85% of the total REE, whereas the HREE were relatively rare.
The TFREE in the pulp ranged from 0.001 to 0.007, averaging 0.003. The fractionation between the LREE and HREE was very obvious (Fig. 3). Enrichment of HREE relative to the LREE in the navel orange pulp was detected. The ratio TFHREE/TFLREE reflect the HREE enrichment, and most of the TFHREE/TFLREE values in the pulp were higher than 1, indicating that the navel orange pulp had a greater ability to accumulate the HREE versus LREE.
the pulp REE content The simple correlations between REEpulp and REEsoil (r = 0.67, P
To predict REE transfer from soil to the navel orange pulp, the Freundlich-type function is often used:(11)where Cplant is the REE concentration in navel orange pulp, Csoil is the REE concentration in soil, and a and b are constants. A Freundlich-type function can be extended using soil properties such as pH, OC, CEC, and clay content, and the log-transformed Freundlich-type equation is commonly preferred.
Table 4 shows the prediction models for the LREE, HREE and total REE. The SMLR analysis identified LREEsoil, pH, CEC and Feox as factors that best explain the variability in LREEpulp (R2 = 0.60, P 2ff7e9595c
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